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A septic system is a self-contained, underground wastewater treatment system. A typical onsite (occurring at the same vicinity where waste is produced) septic system consists of two main parts; a septic tank that is followed by another treatment stage that in many cases is a subsurface soil absorption system. The treatment performance is based on providing sufficient hydraulic residence time for the wastewater that is long enough in the tank to allow for separation of solids from liquids.
To enhance the solids separation process, the tank can be designed with a 2- or 3-chamber configuration. The outlet from the final chamber is to the subsurface drainfield or to other additional treatment alternatives. Mechanisms for the reduction of pathogens in a septic tank include collection and settling in the sludge, as well as decay or digestion. Reduction of indicator bacteria may be as high as 4 to 8 log10 and virus reduction varied from 0 to 2 log10 units.